Adverbs without "ly"

Preview　（腕試し）

Which of the following sentences are natural?

（次の文章の中では、どれが自然でしょうか？　チェックボックスも利用できます。）

1. Ichiro runs very fastly, doesn't he?

2. Maiko went to bed lately--at around 1:20 a.m.

3. Fumiko works very hard, so she usually finishes her work quickly.

4. I woke up at 5:45 a.m. this morning. It was too fast.

5. Kuniko can type very fast, so she always finishes her work by 5:00 and never has to work late.

A. 1, 2 & 4

B. 3 & 5

C. all

D. none

　

Quick Glossary （用語辞典）

adjective = 形容詞

adverb = 副詞

exception = 例外

translation = 翻訳

Explanation （説明）& Examples（例文）

As you know, many adverbs are formed by adding "ly" (or "ily") to the end of an adjective:

Adjective	Adverb
easy	easily
quick	quickly
slow	slowly
sad	sadly
serious	seriously

There are, however, a few word sets that can be tricky to use:

hard/hardly

Hardly (adverb) means almost not.

Toshi must have worked very late last night--he could hardly stay awake in class today.

Hard (adverb) means with much effort.

Contrary to popular belief, many Americans work very hard.

Hard (adjective) means physically or mentally difficult.

I had a hard day--my students asked me a lot of difficult questions!

high/highly

The adjective high has two adverbial forms: high and highly.

High (adverb) means in a high place.

The bird soared high above the mountains.

Highly (adverb) seems to be most often used to mean very or much. (It does, of course, have other meanings.)

The Manchurian Candidate is a very interesting movie--I highly recommend it.

fast/fast

The adjective fast means quick:

Francis is a fast runner.

The adverb has the same form and means quickly:

He runs very fast wherever he goes.

(Note that you could also say, "He runs very quickly wherever he goes.")

fast/early

The confusion with these words seems to be a result of translation. In Japanese, the word for early is hayaku （早く）, and the word for fast/quickly is also hayaku（速く）.

Miho usually goes to bed at 1:00 a.m., but last night she went to bed early because she was unusually sleepy.

Keiko works very fast, so she always finishes her work before her co-workers do.

late/lately

Late is an adjective and an adverb. It is the opposite of early.

Ken missed his bus and was late for work. (adjective)

Satoshi is very punctual--he never comes to class late. (adverb)

Lately is an adverb that means recently.

Have you seen any good movies lately?

Even more . . .

Note that there are quite a few more tricky adverbs--especially ones that have both a form that ends in "ly" and another form that doesn't. Adverbs in this class include deep, just, near, pretty, right, short, and wrong.

Exercises（練習）

1. Ivor walks quite fast fastly --even when he is not in a hurry.

2. I hardly hard studied last week; I hope to find more time to study this week.

3. Kyoko worked very hard hardly this past week, so she spent the weekend just relaxing at home.

4. Have you ever woken up late lately on a workday?

5. The meeting was scheduled to start at 8:30 a.m., but Jack arrived thirty minutes fast early .

6. Long time, no see! What have you been doing late lately ?

7. Maki woke up very fast early this morning--she got up at 5:30 a.m.

8. Do you have a hard hardly job or an easy one?

9. Yoshiko is a punctual student; I've never known her to be late lately for class.

10. We flew the kite so high highly that we could hardly see it.

　

Answers:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.